Thursday, 10 April 2014

The internal machinations of an essay...

Jen Douglas notes (further from the show)

Detournement of Minimalist strategies...

So there is a positive hope that the exhibition of the appropriated object could today still create this sudden moment of insight that we know it can produce ever since Duchamp put a bottle dryer on display in a museum, namely that it could show what (in a particular social context at a specific historical moment) it means for something to mean something. So we trust the appropriated object to be able to reveal in and through itself the riddled historical relations and dynamics that today determine what things mean.
dialectics of 'inside' and 'outside' of 'here' and 'there' of 'past' and 'present' but whereas minimalism (tended) to extoll presentness – being, the here and now and interiority (art language and located firmly in the linear trajectory/progression of art and ideas), J.D.s work compounds, conflates all in a gentle interplay of opposites – soft and hard, interior and exterior, being and nothingness. Site and non-site. (Heterotopias)...'Heterotopias of time' ….exist in time but also exist outside of time because they are built and preserved to be physically insusceptible to time's ravages... isolated from and yet implicit in society, commerce, time and space...

(Structuralism)

“We are in the epoch of simultaeneity; we are in the epoch of juxtaposition, the epoch of near and far, of the side-by-side, of the dispersed. We are at a moment. I believe, when our experience of the world is less that of a long life developing through time than that of a network that connects points and intersects with its own skein.” Foucault

things which were once opposed and binary – the celestial and the terrestrial, the sacred and the profane... hierarchy gives order...

If Walls had eyes – eyes are the organs of asking... agency of inanimate objects – is meaning always something translated by/transmitted by us (humans) or is it in space, objects, these things as actors, agents, perceiving/receiving/susceptible things... (q'ing the individuation of the self, cartesian dualism)... space as heterogenous, bristling... it is not merely a void onto which we project meaning but a confluence of sites, possibilities... unearthed, examined, felt, perceived, overlooked... the gallery as a place which brings to bear many other sites/places/times... projection/art (illusion) and objects...

Questioning the aesthetics and trends/'style' of Art – her painting If Walls had eyes which, as a painting, is hard to 'like'... the colour, the clumsiness/lack of order (undoing that notion that an artist brings form and order to the formless and chaotic infinity of being/reality/continuum). This is not here at the behest of aesthetics, beauty, decoration – it is a kind of anti-painting in many ways; bringing space and chance, three dimensions and form into the 2 dimensional pedagogy of painting (like Fontana) also references utility – the rawl plugs... If walls had eyes, looking outwards but inwards also – the thinking gaze/psychological. (Also reminds me of R.R's Wallhanging “a hole is a thing, a hole in a thing is not” Robert Morris ...negative thing, the sign of absence... fundamental impossibility to conceive of, or to know absence or nothingness as these are always clothed in the concept of ‘absence’ and exist as a shadow of the original, ‘positive’ form. Just as in maths, zero is not nothing; it is an entity, a sign, a number which can itself be subtracted from or divided into... a gentle institutional critique of the space of the gallery with all the immaterial, abstract values it contains and which endow art with worth and with meaning)... also introduces this idea of the gaze, the viewer, of the act of looking... by looking we do violence, we change a thing... the film “walls have eyes” - the true blue motel... tied up with vision/knowing... scopophillia...

Language and communication (cf older work) outmoded forms of communication, other/somatic/kinaesthetic forms of communication... what we communicate consciously and unconsciously (semiconsciously)...

Descartian ideas about reality existing as a maschination of the mind... as opposed to reality and meaning existing independent of the viewer (the world bristles with meaning and possibility, of manifold realities)...

Location and point of view are constantly shifting at the apex of time's flow...” Robert Morris

The utility of the wall as opposed to the utility of the floor... the floor is neglected a sign “do not look here” whereas the wall, white, polished, it is the surface, the plinth on which something becomes denoted as “art”... taking matter, space or ideas from the living world of the phenomenological, from the continuum of reality and experience and, by placing them on the wall, transform them to 'art' to be observed, reflected upon, reappropriated, critiqued... Relationship to the Duchampian “found object” … the wall invites a frontal confrontation... a conceptualising... “If the white wall cannot be summarily dismissed, it can be understood. This knowledge changes the white wall, since its content is composed of mental projections based on unexposed assumptions. The wall is our assumptions. It is imperative for every artist to know this content and what it does to his/her work.” O'Doherty (1976)

In this way see a relationship between Jen Douglas's new work and the conceptual art of the 70's, artists such as Michael Asher, Gordon Matta-Clark and Sol Le Witt who produced works physically and conceptually based upon, gleaned from the exhibition space (its architecture space) whilst also questioning the 'invisible' institution and attendant pedagogies which they inhabit and rely upon for their very existence... the commodity nature of art... the white wall (deviciveness) as a mystification, a non-site, a timeless space... the white wall denies time and context – it becomes a space out of time and place

floor – part of reality... felt (the ground beneath our feet) whereas the wall a kind of vacuum... negate...

wall – visual, art, timeless, contextless and timeless, deliberate (conscious)...
floor – tactile, utility, marked by time, bespeaks the use of the building (past, present and future), accidental (unconscious)...

Contexts (invisible) “the art world... a singularly naked example of capitalist maschination and mystification...”

Whilst her work may, at first glance, appear to be “built upon the armature of a minimalist discourse” - aesthetic parallels (directly onto the walls, made by minimal means, 'borrowing' from the materials and processes of industry) – it exists both in the legacy of minimalism whilst also as a negation or disruption of it – uncertainty, ambiguity, malleability, not a serial i.e. unlike (examples) her work evolves, shifts stylistically and encompasses many different aspects, threads... J.D. Doesn't ascribe to the ideological or stylistic fixedness of minimalism... Works which question? Disallow the autonomy of art, of the art object as they are reliant for their existence, meaning and reception upon the context of the gallery...

2d works penetrated by space
2d and 3d works which interpenetrate the exhibition space – painting becoming installation

admit to ambivalence and ambiguity... to a universe of contrasts and contradictions... the reality of soft and hard can exist simultaneously... the object can exist irrespective of observation (“if a tree falls in the woods...”) meaning can exist irrespective of perception (or can it?)

without ideology. Ambiguity and the perpetual play/ experimentation... an ongoing, ever-evolving dialogue between journey, self, audience and materials.... PARADOX... entropy and life(?), fascination and malaise, illusion/imagination and reality... Philosophy (and much of Modern and contemporary art) exists in a false universe of dialectics – of being and nothingness, positive and negative, good and bad, beauty and utility, inside and outside, self and other... The artist as the maker, the viewer as the reciever, it is a one way system of sign production and reception... but this isn't the case.... it isn't even the case in Douglas's work that there is the one artist – the material plays as much a part... being is circuitous, convoluted... it inhabits several positions (often contradictory) all at once... In the past you couldn't be both a minimalist and an abstract expressionist – such an idea would be preposterous! The history of art built on conflict and categorisation... of placing one position on top of another – following it, destroying it, advancing a new position (the false assertion of PROGRESS)... in J.D.s work several of these positions cited at once whilst it exists also on it's own terms – a unique enquiry, a personal enquiry but relevent and resonant... issues of how we see, how we communicate, how we understand and the means by which we do all of these... A philosophical enquiry conducted through process and materials.... Intuition and logic, calculation and chance, sensorial and cerebral, feminine and masculine... As opposed to an “artificially segmented universe” - artificially taxonomised, categories and the falsity of division... equally the false premise of continuity – we are discontinuous beings from moment to moment... is reality a fixed thing, an exterior state? Suffused with imagination and subjectivity?

Jen Douglas notes (Northumbria University Library)

“Artist and architect speak the same language... Space is a function of feeling.” - Victor Pasmore

Memory – fabricated, inhabited... habitation, dwelling... but these aren't domestic spaces – something else... non-sites, transient sites... the empty office block (now occupied by artists) the disused bank (now occupied by an art gallery)... like the rings of a tree or scars on skin these things record a time (an in between time)... art movements – minimalism or art povera – similarly play a part – ephemeral episodes/strata in art history (stylistically/aesthetically defined)...

Conditions of the city... marginal spaces, temporal habitation... relationship between matter and thought, materials and ideas... multiplying the two in the development of a new language – a language at once full of reference as it is somatic, kinaesthetic, tactile...

Semantic duality – the photograph is even more a 'found' thing – a moment gleaned...

anthropocene – geology now encompasses the human... contemporary art history may be a relatively shallow geology but it is a geology nonetheless...

Jen's means are minimal; captures (in impression or photograph) – an impressing on materials and the senses (as opposed to something which is more constructed/authored)... well... spectrum/sliding scale of this – artistic intervention and intervening artistry... photographs have become the protheses for visual memory... Indexical... Indexical of time and space... Dust and scratches an indexical mark of time and motion... Her work is both photographic and sculptural, painterly and architectural...

Private and Public space... the human inhabitant... but these are not SPECIFIC, locatable... transferrable and applicable... The gallery space – a 'neutral'(?!) space/ site?

“To live is to pass from one space to another” - Georges Perec

skin... hyphen... project, impress... Anne Hamilton's Crying Wall – art as analogous, mark making, gesture, action as analogy between artist, material and viewer... communicating somatically i.e. through the body and it's actions/gestures... not the same thing as a metaphor or surrogate but another way of communicating... a meeting in the middle around the work of art... emotion which is abstract, subjective, difficult if not impossible to communicate through figurative (and verbal) means...

Guttural, sensate, sensual... the language of material and matter...

Misery... it is and it is not, it is also self-conscious, art-referencing,,, tongue-in-cheek... (reminded of the Spaced parody “pain...anger...guilt... misery” “do you do watercolours?”) the misapprehension of the audience – also to see something from a plethora of perspectives... material language SEE KRISTEVA... “the use of images in art serves to provide metaphors for what cannot be otherwise depicted or produced by physical means.” non-corporeal states, ideas, concepts, emotions... (what is real? What are the limits of the real when everything we see, know is filtered through our perceiving body/minds?)

Guttural, sensate, sensual... the language of material and matter...

dialogue. Between artist, subject and material... at times guided by material, intuition, intent... dialogue between the artist and art as a whole – it's histories and manifold permutations... ideas becoming externalised but also 'thinking through making' the ideas and intelligence which comes through direct interaction with materials... ask questions of the materials, it's a call and response, an infinite echo between maker and material... not necessarily towards answers either but often open-ended, unfolding... irresolute... meeting a fine balance or an imbalance – a point of conversation (if we all agreed with everything life would be dull and progression slow) dialogue, vocabulary, paralanguage... “The artist's marks are laid down, not in order to make a permanent record, but as a means of 'seeing in concrete form' (the visual metaphor), an abstract or non-physical concept or idea, a question and its answer, etc. The purpose of these marks is to enable the artist to look at them, see them, and thereby better understand that which they represent...”

jen's visual vocabulary which extends, alters, shifts, though is often addressing similar threads, which, like the mind, returns, revisits from a new angle... technical ability – in order to give quality to the means of expression. Whereas minimalism extolled unsymbolic physicality hers encompasses both and all... see her earlier “Misery” pieces – emotion/introspection and minimalist devices conflated... not in such a way that they are wholly neutralised or disallowed but rather two-and-fro... one infecting the other... you hear the ghosts of both Robert Morris and Eva Hesse...

the holism of the work...
To read;

  • Donald Judd's Specific Objects
  • Marcel Duchamp's concept of Infra Mince (apprehending the pellicle between absence and presence)

The steel of 19/21 reminiscent of a Sol LeWitt discourse based on “the armature of minimalism...”

These works are the opposite of the seriality of painting... dependent upon the space in which they are exhibited (some)

location as armature for the necessary existence of the work”...existing for the duration of the exhibition – for this site to give it meaning...

Therein lies the difficulty of talking about Andre's sculpture : sometimes it is firmly tied to sculptural tradition, no matter that it hugs the ground; at other moments it seems to be an environmental episode, some sort of architectural subversion that exhales an art quality while at the same moment criticizing the environment which cannot contain it in a conclusive manner. animus which is anthropomorphic... (in quality if not in intent).

One of the most conservative or
traditional properties of modern art
is its reliance on style. The signature
of virtually every modern painter and
sculptor has been his style, or series
of styles. Style replaced illusion while
at the same moment it gave the
individual artist the area within which
he could develop his art... From “Anti-illusion: procedures/materials”

- use as introductory quote

Like the Alan Watts Quote – we are not singularities, discontinuous from moment to moment... what remains consistent in J.D.s work is the threads of enquiry and her empathy for materials, colour and matter their language, properties...

If walls had eyes - no longer awed at a mystery of crea-
tion which is foreign to him; rather,
he is drawn into the very process of
the work being made. 

“The dangerously penetrating gaze of the viewer”

physical decision -making processes that have no functional
necessity

The bringing together of art object and reality (which is made of both space and time) -


J.D.s shifts in approach/ materials etc is not indicative of a 'lack' (a lack of style or coherence) but rather a refusal/denial of ideology and fixedness – her work is part of an ongoing enquiry, evolving, changing, shifting, with returns and endings... we can forget, in the moment of looking and criticism to see the holistic, the universal the timeless... to “over identify” Hal Foster with the single object of observation and critique, to forget about it's location in a wider sense – temporally, spatially, conceptually… this essay a case of situating or locating J.D.s most recent work both in the continuum of her enquiry but in relation to a plethora of other influences – contextual, social, artistic, personal, historical etc... But also the immediacy of the work, of my own encounter with it (always going to be highly subjective and within my own sphere of current knowledge, understanding and influence)... Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and the principle of relativity... But because these works communicate through encounter, through the physical properties of the materials and the language they speak (one which may be immitated but never replicated or embodied by writing)

J.D.s approach too – one which has variously shifted between making work which is placed inside galleries to work which is “realised under the aegis of an institution...” incorporating/admitting the reliance upon context... self-reflexive... consistent style denotes an artificially segmented, static universe.... as opposed to process...

Contexts (invisible) “the art world... a singularly naked example of capitalist maschination and mystification...”

illusion and 2 dimensionality... Painting a world of it's own....

Blue parallels to Mel Bochner – autographic materials...

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle – by observing an object you change it...


Vanitas painting – the examination of the intimate and the everyday as reflective of bigger situations – life, death, mattering, THE ABJECT...

p.10 “…if I am affected by what does not yet appear to me as a thing, it is because laws, connections, and even structures of meaning govern and condition me. That order, that glance, that voice, that gesture, which enact the law for my frightened body, constitute and bring about an effect and not yet a sign. I speak to it in vain in order to exclude it from what will no longer be, for myself, a world that can be assimilated.

The Art of Rachel Whiteread

p.10 (Chris Townsend) “...To this we might add something of the notion of the readymade: first as quotidian object, secondly as an object out of place, displaced here between negative and positive, then between the domestic space and the institution. Those voids of beds and baths were the not-very-special traces of the not-very-special objects, made special. And to that add Duchamp's idea of an art sec, an art presented without affect or motivation; the object presented on its own terms...”

Minimalism, re-cast.... “a thing is a hole in a thing it is not” - Robert Smithson

In its countless alveoli space contains compressed time. That is what space is for.” - Gaston Bachelard (Poetics of Space, p.8)

Douglas's soft, reflective, reflexive interventions break what Gordon Matta-Clark described as “hard-shelled cultural reality”... the metaphorical and literal constructs of ideology as materialised in a building... concerns with the ideology of spaces...

The negative spaces of the wall and door frame...

The inert material... living material...

From Rosalind Krauss 'Notes on the Index, Part I'

...The accumulation of dust is a kind of physical index for the passage of time.”

Rayograph - “...forces the issue of photography's existence as an index...”

But the photogram only forces, or makes explicit, what is the case of all photography. Every photograph is the result of a physical imprint transferred by light reflections onto a sensitive surface. The photograph is thus a type of icon, or visual likeness, which bears an indexical relationship to its object.”

If the Symbolic finds its way into pictorial art through the human consciousness operating behind the forms of representation, forming a connection between objects and their meaning, this is not the case for photography. Its power is as an index and its meaning resides in those modes of identification which are associated with the Imaginary...”

Whatever else its power, the photograph could be called sub- or pre-symbolic, ceding the language of art back to the imposition of things.”

Casts = a physical photograph; an impression – indexically linked to the 'subject' i.e. original object which has been 'pictured' or 'captured', impressed it's presence upon the material of the cast (Silicone Rubber)

The readymade's parallel with the photograph is established by it's process of production. It is about the physical transposition of an object from the continuum of reality into the fixed condition of the art-image by a moment of isolation, or selection... It is a sign which is inherently 'empty,' its signification a function of only this one instance, guaranteed by the existential presence of just this object. It is the meaningless meaning that is instituted through the terms of the index.”

...the indexical presence of either the photograph or the body-cast demands that the work be viewed as a deliberate short-circuiting of style.”



From 'Arte Povera”

p.13 “The linguistic process consists now in taking away, eliminating, downgrading things to a minimum, impoverishing (impoverire) signs to reduce them to archetypes. We are in a period of de-culture. Iconographic conventions fall and symbolic and conventional languages crumble” (Christov-Bakargiev, 1999, p.221).

Lucy Lippard “The dematerialization of the art object”

The return to simple materials reveals laws and processes deriving from the power of the imagination, and is an examination of the artists' own conduct in an industrialised society.” (ibid. p.226).

Unstable/volatile objects...
The picture/the painting – format of almost all these works... only just 3 dimensional...

Vanitas painting “the intimation of unseen life” The unseen life of the building... looking not as the institution but a site …. overlooked aspect of almost any building the floor... Particularly in an art gallery where our attention is so very much fixed on the walls

Aim? To make the viewer consider their physical (and metaphysical) place in the world?... the sublimity inherent in the everyday, the quotidian inherent in the 'sacred'/vaulted/elevated of art...

Sculpture exists in time and space in a way that painting doesn't... a painting is an image (even if it is an abstraction or an image of nothing), an illusion of space, the viewer must always suspend disbelief when looking at the 'reality' of the painting whereas a sculpture confronts us in the 3 dimensions of our space/time/reality– SEE ROSALIND KRAUSS ESSAY ON SCULPTURE … Physical looking which involves all the senses and time... Time, Space and Sculpture (who said this?)

I would submit that we know very well what sculpture is. And one of the things we know is that it is a historically bounded category and not a universal one. As is true of any other convention, sculpture has its own internal logic, its own set of rules, which, though they can be applied to a variety of situations, are not themselves open to very much change. The logic of sculpture is a commemorative representation. It sits in a particular place and speaks in a symbolic tongue about the meaning or use of that place.(...) Because they thus function in relation to the logic of representation and marking, sculptures are normally figurative and vertical, their pedestals an important part of the structure since they mediate between actual site and representational sign.” 1985, p.279

Jacques Derrida – Deconstruction... deconstructing certainties of ideas, positions, perspectives, states... Visual deconstructions (or sculptural deconstructions) of the things from which they are cast...

These sculptures speak MATERIALLY communicate not through ides but through forms... problem of art criticism to privilege the conceptualising cerebellum over the kinaesthetic, material and intuitive...

skin, exteriority, perforations, permanence...


(BALTIC Research 2) Eva Hesse – Sculpture

Objects as “barometers of the body and the mind” impressed upon by surroundings, by history (local and artistic) and by the viewer... “minimalist vocabulary of industrial materials and repetition” but not impersonal/'cool'... Rough edges, chance, malleability... The figure...

The internal logic and language of materials – bend, mould, puncture, perforate, fold, drape... Their properties – flexible, rigid, opaque, cold, soft... a formalist approach/empirical enquiry..

Process... work in studio... an act of discovering (rather than arriving at foregone conclusions/aims)...

It is the unknown quantity from which and where I want to go.

As a thing, an object, it acceeds to its non-logical self.

In its simplistic stand it achieves its own identity.

It is something, it is nothing.” - Eva Hesse, Box 7, Printed Matter 1966 -1970 folder, Fishbach Gallery records. Reprinted in Eva Hesse, Sculpture p.9.

Sensations, presences, ambiguous objects...

(floor transferred to the wall).... lost/found, invisible/visible... the materials, forms and spaces of art reception... reality/fiction... use/ornament.... unseen/spectacle.... highlighting the staging/the theatre of art... the architectural features of the space... the imperfections, the history and historical continuity... the object and it's exhibition space becoming interchangeable...

Silicone rubber.... (does this behave in the same way as latex? i.e.) natural material which has it's own life cycle... ooze, harden, exposure to light and air for a long time making it brittle...

The particularity of Douglas's materials and what the both refer to and allude towards...

Opposites (material/conceptual opposites) which harmonise and compliment as much (or even more than) they contradict/conflict... Contrast heightens and relates... absurdity...

pre-symbolic”, “quasi-visceral”... complexity... collisions of references/influences (or distillation – personal and public)... “formal neutralization” or balance?... the separateness of things... the interconnectedness of things...

Scale of these works (compared to previous JD works)...

Detached presence... artist as creator or observer or conduit... allowing the play of chance and happenstance... “uncanny ambivalence of shape” (or matter?)


Michael Asher, Kunsthalle Bern, 1992

p.3 to bring to light “...the invisible systems underlying the collection, housing and display or art in Museums and galleries... their dependence upon exhibition contexts.”

p.3 “With this kind of work by Michael Asher the working of the institution of art is subjected to critical analysis and it is stressed that the postulated autonomy of the artwork is really dependent on the effectiveness of the museum apparatus...” - U. Loock, 'Michael Asher in Bern', in ibid., p.9.

Pre-existing facets/elements of the space which might allude the the unobserved (or simply non-explicit) contextual conditions of the site and work...

Permanence and the monumental (compared to) ephemerality and the incidental? Overlooked? The history of art – the monotheism of modernism, the polytheism (pantheism?) of post modernism... the isms...

The contemporary (trend) of occupation – art which inhabits or occupies empty spaces (part of the inevitable?! Sociocultural Gentrification – the cycle of renewal and renovation) a space which becomes an institution... an everyday mattering which becomes a work of art... the living and the dead...

the plinth (or lack of)...

somatic experience and visual experience – the differences and overlaps between painting and sculpture...

Johns, Stella and Warhol – pop art and the erasure/removal of “traditional signs of authorial presence and subjectivity in their work... ideational self-sufficiency”... also relating to the found object... connecting to minimalism and the momentum to remove the artist from the work – the use of industrial materials and processes (Judd, Andre, LeWitt, Morris) p.17 “...industrial materials that preclude modelling, carving or other hand-worked techniques so as to reduce signs of intercession by the artist that would disrupt the effect of pure self-referentiality. These works paved the way for Asher and his generation by virtue of the interplay they foster between material form and actual space.” Things which exist 'naturally' to things which are culturally 'appropriated' as art... taking lumps of reality and repositioning them for examination, as critique, or for commercial/artistic value...

anti-illusionistic... plays on this – at times present, at others not... an awareness of, reference and relation to, the history of contemporary art...

c.f. p.37 and 76

But J.D's work NEGATES the facetless impetus/aesthetic intent of minimalism...

Mel Bochner's desire to make work “which did not add to the furniture of the world” 'objectifying the emptiness of space... of time'

Marcel Broodthaers and Daniel Buren – institutional critique/ reexamination of exhibition sites and spaces of aesthetic production

Extracts from “Situation” edited by Claire Doherty, Whitechapel

the wall becomes a membrane through which aesthetic and commercial values osmotically exchange” Brian O'Doherty

The gallery as “signifying container” as PLINTH

Foucault, heterotopias... a place which we consider as a singularity but which in fact has many different histories, contexts, potentialities... a confluence of space (white walls might denude and our tendency to suspend disbelief/encompass illusion)...

See articles – Morris, Donald etc


Notes from “Strategies of Being”

Yves Klein (parallels/resonance to) Blue 2012 – the cosmic order, the spiritual but also the theatrical... the magical moment of art... Klein becoming the self appointed “messenger of the blue void” cf photocopy p.222 – this a messenger of another (the same?) blue void... morphic resonance... gestalt... art penetrating and permeating the psyche or else digging at truths which are at once sublime and profane, quotidian and transcendent...

Objects which attract and objects which repel... objects which stimulate and objects which bore... the deliberate facetless, COLD nature of Minimalism... but also which became associated with power and specifically male, white, middle class power... With Right-of centre politics... J.D. Not so... (c.f. Photocopy p.294 onwards)... something less certain, site-responsive/specific/dependent...

Judd and the disavowal of painting as “inferior” … J.D.s work encompasses both and all... it doesn't shy away from painting, quite the opposite, brings painting into the field of sculpture and vice versa – a conversation between material properties and history...

p.318 Richard Serra (in comparison to what JD was saying about the real work happening in the studio) “The significance of the work...is in it's efforts not it's intentions. And that effort is a state of mind, an activity, an interaction with the world.” contrast between materials so vivid as to heighten their properties industrial/commercial against flacid/pseudo-organic



Sensitivity to materials – the quality of materials, their auratic properties, progeny, resonance... Colour...   

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